③ “am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計劃中的動作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)
④ 表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如：I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals(化學藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學實驗室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)
⑤ 現在進行時、一般現在時也可以表示將來。(見相應時態)
⑥ shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當于情態動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？)
⑦ “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
(4)現在進行時 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作或是現階段正發生而此刻不一定在進行的動作。
① 現在進行時由“助動詞be (am is are ) +現在分詞”構成。
② 現在進行時的時間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)
③ 表示即將發生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④ 表示頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈)
(5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。
① 過去進行時由“was(第一、三人稱單數)或were(第二人稱單數和各人稱的復數)+現在分詞”構成。
② 過去進行時的時間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)
③ 用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示過去一個階段頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時老向我借錢)
②表示發生在過去的對現在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛去英國)
③表示在過去開始一直延續到現在(可能延續下去)的動作或狀態時,時間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)
④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)
⑤have been to與have gone to的區別：have gone to(“已經去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? ?He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? ?Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)
②過去完成時時間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構成的時間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當老師來的時候他們已經打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經走掉了)
③過去完成時常用于賓語從句中、after引導的從句中,或者從句是before引導的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)
③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應該使用一般過去時。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應付給我許多錢如果我幫助他搞那個項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)
④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)
⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經常性的動作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘)
(9)現在完成進行時：現在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續到現在并由可能繼續下去的動作,它具有現在完成時和現在進行時雙重特征,結構是：“have/has + been +動詞的現在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)
① 不知道誰是動作的執行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態,省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態,省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)
③強調動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)
(2) 主動語態如何改寫為被動語態：
主動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + 賓語(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的執行者) (各種時態形式) (動作的承受者)
被動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動作的執行者)
(3) 注意點：
①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)
也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風箏→一個風箏由他的父親做給了他)
②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)
③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)
④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態,而可能是系表結構。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關照/射中……)
① 形式：動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關成分就構成不定式短語。
③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)
如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時候開始學英語的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時別忘了關門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關燈.) (沒關)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關過燈.)(關了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)
如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網嗎？)
[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發現學騎車不很容易)
⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。
[A] 記住下面的一些結構：
被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語)
漢 語 意 思
a key
to lock the door
鎖門的鑰匙
a box
to hold these things
裝這些東西的箱子
give her a book
to read
給她一本書讀
Is there any (+名詞/代詞)
to (do)?
有…要(做的)嗎?
It’s time
to go.
是走的時間了。/ 該走了。
Do you have any work
to do?
你有工作要做嗎?
I’d like something
to eat.
我要點兒吃的。
I have nothing
to say.
我沒有話要說。
Would you like something
to drink?
你要點兒喝的嗎？
[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：
They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)
⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用,有下列幾種情況：
[A] 放在不及物動詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)
[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)
[C] 有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內容)
⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我幫助她做飯)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補用不定式與現在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現在分詞部分)。試比較：
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當時瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)
(3)動名詞
① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。
② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮上轉悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學時就開始學英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學時就開始學英語了)
④ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現在進行時混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)
⑤ 動名詞與現在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現在分詞,作賓補)
(4)分詞： 包含現在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學習重點)
① 主要區別：現在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思；過去分詞有被動或動 作已經完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復合賓語等。
[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)
謂語動詞(vt.)
賓語
賓語補足語
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進入房間時看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動)
[C] 現在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準備即將來到的口語考試)
[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞后面,但要注意不要與被動語態混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態,而被動語態則表示動作。常用過去分詞作表語的結構有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發)(注意：have sth. done表示動作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現在完成時的結構,兩個結構不可以混淆)
8、動詞用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試？)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個結構：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…；②sb./sth. + seem + like +…；③sb/sth + seem + to (do)；④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因為他犯了那么大的錯誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現在不在)
(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個結構： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎？也許是錯的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do,表示創造建構某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經做過一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強調“穿、戴”這個動作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態,have+衣物+on主要表示狀態,be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認識那個身穿黑衣的女人嗎？)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)
[注意]dress與wear或put on的區別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎？)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎？)
(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動名詞,love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式,表示一種習慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時間或地點有關)。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣；玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學后他總愛游個泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)
(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學習、研究”,指過程；而learn主要表示“學會”,指結果。表示“學”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學過了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學英語多久了？)
learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認為中國會在40年后成為發達國家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)
(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的幾個結構：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發現(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發現她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補語補足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發現吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)
(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關,listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎？是的,你的話我全聽見了)
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個詞與“說”有關。speak“講話、發言、演說”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時要加介詞to,speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內容；tell是及物動詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)
(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態動詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時態形式,to后面跟動詞原形,有時可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時不會游泳)
(17)there be、have的用法：兩個詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅？一張也沒有。)
[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個正在發生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個滯后或遲于there be的動作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.
(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個詞,borrow“借進”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作,不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？兩個多月了！)
(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達有把握或信心實現的事情,后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補足語的不定式；wish表達實現的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時)或者作賓語補足語的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們全都希望盡快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實上天正在下雨)
如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)
(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動名詞時區別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發、啟動”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時候開始學英語的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動他的汽車)
(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動詞,到達具體地點時后面加介詞at,到達一個大的地方(國家、城市)時后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達”時是不及物動詞,涉及地點(無論大小)時后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點副詞here等；reach是及物動詞,后面直接跟地點名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個星期天他抵達舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動前5分鐘到達車站)
