2. 比較can 和be able to 1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （過去時用could），只用于現在時和過去時（could）。be able to可以用于各種時態。例如： They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。 2）只用be able to的情況： a. 位于助動詞后。 b. 情態動詞后。 c. 表示過去某時刻動作時。 d. 用于句首表示條件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事時，用was/were able to，不能用could。例如： He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 他在戰爭爆發之前逃離歐洲。 注意：could有時不表示時態 1）提出委婉的請求（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如： ?Could I have the television on? 我能看電視嗎？ ?Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。 2）在否定句、疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。例如： He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是壞人。
3. 比較may和might 1）表示允許或請求；表示沒有把握的推測；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。例如： May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！ He might be at home. 他可能在家。 注意：might 表示推測時，不表示時態，只是可能性比may 小。 2）成語：may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。例如： If that is the case, we may as well try.如果情況確實如此，我們不妨試一試。 典型例題： Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可從后半句推出。
4. 比較have to和must 1）兩詞都是“必須”的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must表示說話人主觀上的看法，即主觀上的必要。例如： My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫生請來。（客觀上需要做這件事） He said that they must work hard. 他說他們必須努力工作。（主觀上要做這件事） 2）have to有人稱、數、時態的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務。例如： He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顧他姐姐。 3）否定結構中：don't have to表示“不必”，mustn't表示“禁止”。例如： You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告訴他。 You mustn't tell him about it. 你不得把這件事告訴他。
5. must表示推測 1）must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，意為“一定”。 2）must表對現在的狀態或現在正發生的事情的推測時，must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進行式。例如： You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（對現在情況的推測判斷） He must be working in his office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。 比較：He must be staying there. 他現在肯定在那里。 He must stay there. 他必須呆在那。 3）must 表示對已發生的事情的推測時，must 要接完成式。例如： I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我剛才沒有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。 4）must表示對過去某時正發生的事情的推測，must 后面要接不定式的完成進行式。例如： ?Why didn't you answer my phone call? 為何不接我的電話？ ?Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it. 唉，肯定在睡覺，所以沒有聽見。 5）否定推測用can't。例如： If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果湯姆五點才離開這兒，他此時一定還未到家。
6. 表示推測的用法 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測，其用法如下： 1）情態動詞+動詞原形，表示對現在或將來的情況的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。例如： I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪兒，可能在武漢。 2）情態動詞+動詞現在進行時，表示對現在或將來正在進行的情況進行推測。例如： At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 這時，想必我們老師正在批改試卷。 3）情態動詞+動詞完成時，表示對過去情況的推測。例如： The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4）情態動詞+動詞的現在完成進行時，表示對過去正在發生事情的推測。例如： Your mother must have been looking for you. 你媽媽一定一直在找你。 5）推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can't, couldn't表示。例如： Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。 注意：could, might表示推測時不表示時態，其推測的程度不如can, may。
7. 情態動詞+ have +過去分詞 1）may（might） have + done sth, can （could） have + done sth 表示過去，推測過去時間里可能發生的事情。例如： Philip may （might） have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在車禍中受了重傷。 Philip can （could） have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 2）must have +done sth，對過去時間里可能發生的事情的推測，語氣較強，具有“肯定”，“諒必”的意思。例如： ?Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 琳達已經去上班了，但她的單車還在這兒。 ?She must have gone by bus. 她肯定乘巴士去的。 3）ought to have done sth, should have done sth表示本應該做某事，而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。例如： You ought to （should） have been more careful in this experiment. 你當時在做試驗時應該更仔細點。 He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不該把舊衣服扔了。（事實上已扔了。） ought to 在語氣上比should 要強。 4）needn't have done sth表示本沒必要做某事，但做了。例如： I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 旅行時，我衣服穿得較多，其實沒有必要。那時天很熱。 5）would like to have done sth表示本打算做某事，但沒做。例如： I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我想讀這篇文章，但太忙了，一直沒讀。
8. should 和ought to 除了上述的用法，兩者還可表示“想必一定，按理應該”的意思。例如： I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能維持了。 It ought to be ready now. 想必現在準備好了吧。 They should be there by now, I think. 現在他們該到那兒了。 The poems should be out in a month at most. 詩集估計最多還有一個月就要出版了。
9. had better表示“最好”，相當于一個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。例如： It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 天相當冷。你最好穿上我的外套。 She'd better not play with the dog. 她最好不要玩耍那條狗。 had better have done sth表示與事實相反的結果，意為“本來最好”。例如： You had better have come earlier. 你本該來得早一點。
10. would rather表示“寧愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than… 寧愿……而不愿 還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。例如： If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 如果有選擇的余地，我寧可輟學離開這個學校。 I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 我寧愿呆在這兒，而不愿回家。 典型例題： ?Shall we go skating or stay at home? ?Which ___ do? A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather 答案B。本題考查情態動詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為“寧愿”，本題為疑問句，would 提前，所以選B。
11. will和would 注意：1）would like；would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。例如： Would you like to go with me? 想和我一塊去嗎？ 2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含義的請求勸說時，疑問句中一般用some, 而不是any。例如： Would you like some cake? 吃點蛋糕吧。 3）否定結構中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一種委婉語氣。 Won't you sit down? 你不坐下嗎？
【模擬試題】（答題時間：65分鐘） （A）單項填空 1. Whether he has gone away alone ________ us. A. surprised B. puzzled C. pleased D. disappointed 2. The car is too expensive for ________ family. A. a usual B. an average C. a normal D. a rich 3. I sent e-mails to John and Mary, but ________ of them answered me. A. neither B. either C. none D. any 4. Parents being too busy now, I go to see my grandparents ________. A. every a few day B. every other days C. every third days D. every three days 5. You're so ________; I don't know why you are so absent-minded. A. puzzled B. puzzling C. to puzzle D. being puzzled 6. The _________ age of the boy dancers in the performance is 10. A. ordinary B. popular C. normal D. average 7. ?Mum! Don't you think me __________ to go to school? ?________ You'd better stay in bed for another two days. A. well enough; No B. enough well; Yes C. well enough; Yes D. strong enough; Sure 8. Which of these bananas do you want, this one or that one? I want __________ them, they aren't ripe , yet. A. neither from B. either of C. neither of D. either from 9. She __________ the advantages, but she didn't know how to make use of them. A. was aware of B. was sure of C. was afraid of D. was tired of 10. ?Would you like black or white coffee? ?_________, please. I really don't mind. A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither 11. The police came to the __________ in time. All the injured were sent to the hospital. A. act B. scene C. stage D. road 12. It is beyond my _________ to help you. I don't know much French. A. power B. strength C. idea D. force 13. ?When do you think I should come for my new dress, sir? ?Come on Thursday or Wednesday. __________ day is OK. A. Neither B. Either C. Every D. Any 14. Not __________ present understood what the reporter said. A. most B. all C. some D. both 15. It is a pleasure for me to __________ the party. You're welcome to my home. A. be hold B. take place C. have D. host 16. I don't like __________ big cities as Beijing and Shanghai. A. so B. as C. same D. such 17. ?It is said that he has delayed the visit to Paris, __________? ?Yes, ________. A. is it; it is B. hasn’t he; isn’t it C. isn't it; he has D. hasn't he; it is 18. The climb was even harder; one of my classmates had his leg broken, worse still __________ of us knew where we could find a doctor. A. none B. both C. no one D. some 19. What do you consider ever _________ to her? A. to happen B. happening C. happened D. happen 20. ?Would you mind if I borrowed your new car? ?Yes, I'd like to lend you __________ but it. A. nothing B. anything C. everything D. something
（B）情景交際練習 1. ?For anything you don't know, please consult Professor Zhang. ?________? A. Does he have an encyclopedia B. Is he a walking encyclopedia C. Is he selling an encyclopedia D. Is he a living encyclopedia 2. ?Mr. Rich is determined to become a millionaire. ?Sure, he is. He is______ money. A. wrapped up in B. is busy with C. never cares about D. everything but 3. ?This cloth feels good. ?Yes, it does. It feels _________ silk but in fact it isn't. A. something like B. anything like C. very like D. some how like 4. ?__________, but I have a question to ask. ?Please go ahead. A. I hate to interrupt B. I have to interrupt C. Thank you D. Forgive me 5. ?What would it be like for me to move to Canada? ?That's hard to say. But ____you will experience a cultural shock. A. nothing is for sure B. as a matter of fact C. one thing is for sure D. to tell you the truth
（C）完形填空 During spring break from a local college, my friend and I went downtown to shop. First, however, we 1 ourselves quite differently so that our friends might not recognize us. Our clothing was not fit 2 the weather, clean but not ironed, clearly not the styles 3 by most visitors to the area. Both of us were slightly 4 . The aim was to look like street people and to observe what difference that made in the way other people respond to us 5 the appearance of poverty （貧困）would invite prejudice （偏見）on us. Our first stop was in the bargain store（打折商店）, where we politely asked to 6 the bathroom and were refused. Next we entered the lobby（大廳） of a large hotel, 7 we asked for a coffee shop and a bathroom. The door man said, “You must go to the twentieth floor.” We weren't up trying out, so we wandered around the first floor and 8 From 9 we went to a second-hand shop, where we more or less blended（混合）with the 10 , and then on to the upper-scale （上等階層） 11 and coffee shops during the lunch hour. It was prejudice time. Some of the children we 12 stared, pointed, and laughed; 13 gave us long, doubting looks. Clerks in stores followed us to 14 every move. In a lunchroom a second assistant 15 to the side of the cashier（出納員）, where they took $ 2 check without asking for ID; it seemed worth that price to have us 16 of the door. At one doorway a clerk physically blocked the way to prevent us from 17 . We had money to buy something small, and we did nothing in 18 of these places to draw attention to ourselves; we merely 19 quietly in our usual manner. Elsewhere we encountered ribbing（取笑）, imitating（模仿）, lack of trust, and rude stares（粗魯的眼神）. So what did we learn? Mostly 20 we expected, what everybody knows: people judge by appearances. 1. A. put B. carried C. held D. dressed 2. A. for B. to C. in D. at 3. A. carried B. worn C. used D. taken 4. A. untidy B. tired C. excited D. sad 5. A. that B. which C. whether D. it 6. A. clean B. see C. enter D. check 7. A. which B. where C. in that D. when 8. A. left B. went C. entered D. took away 9. A. which B. that C. there D. then on 10. A. customers B. foreigners C. students D. shop assistants 11. A. people B. stores C. floors D. cases 12. A. encountered B. taught C. faced D. talked 13. A. old people B. adults C. young people D. students 14. A. see B. look at C. watch D. notice 15. A. hurried B. stopped C. waved D. stayed 16. A. out B. at C. in D. away 17. A. walking B. entering C. sitting D. going 18. A. which B. one C. any D. anything 19. A. talked B. laughed C. worked D. shopped 20. A. that B. which C. those D. what
（D）閱讀理解 If a person tells you that something is “the real McCoy”, he is telling you it is the real thing, not a copy. It is the best that can be found. There are different ideas on how the expression came into use. Perhaps the most popular one is about a famous boxer, Charles Kids McCoy, a one-time famous boxing champion. One day, McCoy was having a drink in a bar with a lady friend. A man came up and began to talk to him. He was not a nice man. McCoy wanted no trouble. He asked the man to leave. He said, “I'm Kid McCoy.” McCoy thought his name was so famous that there was no need to say more. But the man did not believe him. “Oh, yeah?” he said. “Well, if you are Kid McCoy, then I am George Washington!” And he continued to speak to the prize-fighter's friend in an unpleasant way. McCoy hit the man with fist (拳)??not hard??actually it was really a light touch. But the man fell to the ground, unconscious (無意識). Ten minutes later, when he came to himself, he called out, “That was the real McCoy!” And that was how the expression got started. There are other stories, however. One is that the expression goes back to the days of prohibition (禁止) when it was against the law in the United States to sell Whiskey. Although Whiskey was against the law, many sold it. And many were not afraid to sell bad whiskey, because there was so little that anybody could do about it. Buying whiskey, good or bad, was as illegal as selling it. But there was one whiskey dealer who was honest. His name was McCoy. He refused to sell bad whiskey. His product became known as the best. It was called “the real McCoy”. 1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph? A. It is about the exact meaning of the saying. B. It tells how a person gets his name. C. It shows how to tell the real from the false. D. It explains how to find the best. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the days of prohibition? A. Bad whiskey was not allowed to be sold. B. People at that time preferred nothing but whiskey. C. A national law forbade the sale of alcoholic drinks. D. The days of prohibition caused McCoy's selling wine. 3. In the third paragraph, “the prize-fighter” refers to _________. A. a champion B. a fellow C. McCoy D. George Washington 4. How many stories are mentioned about McCoy in the passage? A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four. 5. Which of the following best summarizes the whole passage? A. The story of a well-known boxer. B. The expression and its story. C. The friendship between a sportsman and a seller. D. The general use of the expression.
（E）深層理解 Story of Words 1. From the text we learn that _______________. A. Sandwich was born of a noble family B. the word panic was named after the ancient Greek God, Pan C. good-bye is a compound word D. music fans were palm fans used to cool themselves by devotees while listening to music 2. Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage? A. Language is for ideas and communication. B. No dictionary can cover all the modern words in our society. C. Many computer words came into being at the end of 20th century. D. Shakespeare would never fail to find himself puzzled at many unfamiliar words if he picked up a copy of a newspaper today to read.
（F）寫作訓練 單句改錯 1. If you dig deeply into a word and know its root, and you will understand its origin. 2. Paul's brother sometimes acted as a little girl and people treated him as a child. 3. They decided to have a three-day stopover in the way to Hong Kong. 4. He looked in here and there like he was searching for something. 5. I looked at the little girl who was giving me the prettiest, biggest smile I have never seen. 6. I don't know which of the two books is the better. I shall read them all. 7. He first came to London and then to New York, but he didn't like neither of the cities very much. 8. In learning vocabulary, you can detect the meaning by finding the root word containing in the larger word. 9. The young scientist encountered with many difficulties during his visit to the world's far northern countries but failed. 10. They tried to seek clues of the unknown mystery.
復述課文 Reading 1 Shan Shan’s father is an _____1 He sends home _______2 of the different places where he stops over. He also likes to collect new words wherever he goes. Whenever he hears an interesting expression, he acts like _______3. Once he was _______4 from Moscow to Montreal. To help his daughter with her school assignment, he sent postcards home, which had pictures of the Russian places as well as his description of _______5 Shan Shan felt pleased to receive his father's postcards. The postcards would help her to write the report on how to _______6 in cold places, which had been assigned by her geography teacher. She saw the pictures of _______7 , .art treasures from famous Russian museums and sunsets on _______8 . She also learned about the places in the northern world where the lowest temperatures _______9. After she got to know what the word sundog meant, she _______10 it, feeling that she was learning a new language.
Reading 2 Words have roots, just like trees and flowers. Knowing the roots of a word helps to 1 . Those who read in a second language should use what is known to help understand the meaning of a new and difficult word, just like a good detective. Suffixes and prefixes help one with his 2 , but. 3 are the most important. It's best to detect the word's meaning by finding the root word contained. For example, if you know the root word alter maiming other , you will have some idea that the bigger word alternative 4 with the meaning other. It's the same thing with the words “ego” and “ egoist” ,the first of which is the root word. Strategies need to be employed in learning a language. To apply the “roots for words” skills，one needs to 5 .
書面表達 許多人喜歡坐飛機出行，可是你卻不這樣認為。請你寫一篇120詞左右的議論文，闡述你的理由。 提示如下： 1. 乘飛機價格昂貴； 2. 登機手續(procedure)繁雜，花費時間太長； 3. 短途旅行坐飛機不方便； 4. 坐飛機出行受天氣制約，一旦飛機失事(crash)，后果不堪設想。 【試題答案】 單項填空 1?5 BBADB 6?10 DACAC 11?15 BABBD 16?20 DCACB 情景交際 1?5 BAAAC 完形填空 1?5 DABAC 6?10 CBACA 11?15 BABCA 16?20 ABCDD 閱讀理解 1.A 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.B 深層理解 1. A 2. D 單句改錯 1. deeply改為deep 2. 第一個as改為like 3. in改為on 4. 去掉in 5. never改為ever 6. all改為both 7. 去掉didn’t或將neither改為 either 8. containing改為contained 9. 去掉with 10. of改為 to Reading 1 1. international pilot 2. the postcards with pictures 3. a child with a new toy 4. on a flight 5. the snowstorms and the bitter cold of the world, far northern countries 6. describe the weather 7. Russian palaces and gardens 8. the Black Sea 9. were recorded 10. laughed at Reading 2 1. understand its origin 2. word building power 3. root words 4. has something to do 5. learn as many root words as possible
